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Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs ( / dʒ ɒ b z / , 24 Februari 1955 - 5 Oktober 2011) [5] [6] adalah seorang pengusaha Amerika. [7] Ia terkenal sebagai co-founder, chairman , dan CEO Apple Inc Melalui Apple, ia secara luas diakui sebagai pelopor karismatik dari revolusi komputer pribadi [8] [9] dan untuk karir berpengaruh dalam komputer dan elektronik konsumen bidang. Jobs juga mendirikan dan menjabat sebagai kepala eksekutif Pixar Animation Studios , ia menjadi anggota dewan direktur The Walt Disney Company pada tahun 2006, ketika Disney mengakuisisi Pixar.
Pada akhir 1970-an, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak direkayasa salah satu jalur yang sukses secara komersial pertama dari komputer pribadi, seri Apple II . Jobs adalah di antara yang pertama untuk melihat potensi komersial dari Xerox PARC 's tikus -driven antarmuka pengguna grafis , yang menyebabkan penciptaan Apple Lisa dan, satu tahun kemudian, Macintosh . Dia juga memainkan peran dalam memperkenalkan LaserWriter , salah satu printer laser pertama yang tersedia secara luas, ke pasar. [10]
Setelah perebutan kekuasaan dengan dewan direksi pada tahun 1985, Jobs meninggalkan Apple dan mendirikan NeXT , sebuah platform komputer perusahaan pengembangan mengkhususkan diri di pasar pendidikan tinggi dan bisnis. Pada tahun 1986, ia mengambil alih divisi grafis komputer Lucasfilm , yang berputar off sebagai Pixar . [11] Dia dikreditkan dalam Toy Story (1995) sebagai produser eksekutif. Ia menjabat sebagai CEO dan pemegang saham mayoritas sampai Disney pembelian 's Pixar pada tahun 2006. [12] Pada tahun 1996, setelah Apple telah gagal untuk memberikan sistem operasi, Copland , Gil Amelio beralih ke Komputer NeXT, dan NeXTSTEP platform yang menjadi dasar bagi yang Mac OS X . [13] Jobs kembali ke Apple sebagai penasihat, dan mengambil alih perusahaan sebagai CEO interim. Jobs membawa Apple dari kebangkrutan dekat profitabilitas pada tahun 1998. [14] [15]
Sebagai CEO baru perusahaan, Jobs mengawasi perkembangan iMac , iTunes , iPod , iPhone , dan iPad , dan pada sisi layanan, perusahaan toko Apple Retail , iTunes Store dan App Store . [16] Keberhasilan produk-produk dan layanan yang diberikan beberapa tahun pengembalian keuangan yang stabil, dan mendorong Apple untuk menjadi paling berharga perusahaan dunia publik pada tahun 2011. [17] The reinvigoration perusahaan dianggap oleh banyak komentator sebagai salah satu perputaran terbesar dalam sejarah bisnis. [18] [19] [20]
Pada tahun 2003, Jobs didiagnosa dengan pankreas neuroendokrin tumor . Meskipun awalnya dirawat, ia melaporkan ketidakseimbangan hormon, menjalani transplantasi hati pada 2009, dan muncul semakin tipis karena kesehatannya menurun. [21] Pada medis meninggalkan sebagian besar dari 2011, Jobs mengundurkan diri pada bulan Agustus tahun itu, dan terpilih Ketua Dewan. Dia meninggal karena serangan pernapasan yang berhubungan dengan tumor metastatik nya pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2011.
Jobs telah menerima sejumlah penghargaan dan pengakuan publik untuk pengaruhnya dalam teknologi dan industri musik. Dia telah banyak disebut sebagai "legendaris" "futuris", atau hanya "visioner", [22] [23] [24] [25] dan telah digambarkan sebagai "Bapak Revolusi Digital", [26] "master inovasi", [27] [28] dan "desain perfeksionis". [29] [30]
Bayi itu diadopsi pada saat lahir oleh Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922-1993) dan Clara Jobs (1924-1986), seorang Amerika Armenia [33] yang nama gadis itu Hagopian. [34] Menurut alamat dimulainya Steve Jobs di Stanford, Schieble ingin Jobs yang diadopsi hanya oleh beberapa perguruan tinggi lulusan. Schieble belajar bahwa Clara Jobs tidak lulus dari perguruan tinggi dan Paul Jobs hanya dihadiri sekolah tinggi, tapi menandatangani surat adopsi akhir setelah mereka berjanji bahwa anak pasti akan didorong dan didukung untuk menghadiri kuliah. Kemudian, ketika ditanya tentang "orangtua angkat", Jobs menjawab tegas bahwa Paulus dan Clara Jobs "adalah orang tua saya." [35] Dia menyatakan dalam biografinya resmi bahwa mereka "adalah orang tua saya 1.000%." [36] Diketahui kepadanya , orang tua kandungnya selanjutnya akan menikah (Desember 1955), memiliki anak kedua, novelis Mona Simpson , pada tahun 1957, dan perceraian pada tahun 1962. [36]
Keluarga Jobs pindah dari San Francisco ke Mountain View, California ketika Steve berusia lima tahun. [1] [2] Orang tua kemudian mengadopsi anak perempuan, Patty. Paulus bekerja sebagai mekanik dan tukang kayu, dan mengajarkan anaknya elektronik dasar dan bagaimana bekerja dengan tangannya. [1] Sang ayah menunjukkan Steve bagaimana untuk bekerja pada elektronik di garasi keluarga, menunjukkan kepada anaknya bagaimana membongkar dan membangun kembali elektronik seperti radio dan televisi. Akibatnya, Steve menjadi tertarik dan mengembangkan hobi mengutak-atik teknis. [37]
Clara adalah seorang akuntan [35] yang mengajarinya membaca sebelum ia pergi ke sekolah. [1] Clara Jobs telah menjadi petugas penggajian untuk Varian Associates , salah satu perusahaan berteknologi tinggi pertama dalam apa yang dikenal sebagai Silicon Valley . [38 ]
Jobs muda itu penuh dengan frustrasi atas pendidikan formal. Di Monta Sekolah Dasar Loma di Mountain View, ia adalah orang iseng yang keempat guru kelas yang dibutuhkan untuk menyuap dia untuk belajar. Jobs diuji dengan baik, bagaimanapun, bahwa administrator ingin dia melewatkan dua kelas dan masuk sekolah-tinggi usulan orang tuanya menolak, membiarkan dia melewatkan satu kelas. [36] [39]
Jobs kemudian menghadiri Cupertino SMP dan Sekolah Tinggi Homestead di Cupertino, California . [2] Pada Homestead, Jobs menjadi berteman dengan Bill Fernandez, seorang tetangga yang berbagi minat yang sama dalam elektronik. Fernandez diperkenalkan Jobs lain anak, komputer jagoan tua, Steve Wozniak (juga dikenal sebagai "Woz"). Pada tahun 1969 Woz mulai membangun board komputer kecil dengan Fernandez yang mereka namakan "The Cream Soda Computer ", yang mereka menunjukkan kepada Jobs,. dia tampak benar-benar tertarik [40]
Setelah lulus SMA pada tahun 1972, Jobs terdaftar di Reed College di Portland, Oregon . Reed adalah sebuah perguruan tinggi yang mahal yang Paulus dan Clara sakit mampu. Mereka menghabiskan banyak tabungan hidup mereka pada pendidikan anak mereka yang lebih tinggi. [40] Jobs drop out dari kuliah setelah enam bulan dan menghabiskan 18 bulan berikutnya mampir di kelas kreatif, termasuk kursus kaligrafi. [41] Ia melanjutkan audit kelas di Reed saat tidur di lantai di kamar asrama teman ', kembali botol Coke untuk uang makanan, dan mendapatkan makanan gratis mingguan di lokal Hare Krishna candi. [42] Jobs kemudian mengatakan, "Seandainya saya tidak DO dan mengambil satu kaligrafi Tentu saja kaligrafi, Mac tidak akan memiliki beberapa tipografi atau font proporsional spasi ". [42]
Jobs kemudian kembali ke Atari, dan ditugaskan untuk membuat papan sirkuit untuk arcade video game Breakout . Menurut pendiri Atari Nolan Bushnell , Atari menawarkan $ 100 untuk setiap chip yang dihapuskan di mesin. Jobs punya sedikit pengetahuan khusus tentang desain papan sirkuit dan membuat kesepakatan dengan Wozniak untuk membagi biaya secara merata di antara mereka jika Wozniak mampu meminimalkan jumlah chip. Banyak hal yang mencengangkan insinyur Atari, Wozniak mengurangi jumlah chip sebanyak 50, desain begitu ketat sehingga tidak mungkin untuk mereproduksi pada jalur perakitan. [ penjelasan lebih lanjut diperlukan ] Menurut Wozniak, Jobs mengatakan bahwa Atari memberi mereka hanya $ 700 (bukannya $ ditawarkan 5.000), dan Wozniak pun mendapat bagian $ 350. [53] Wozniak tidak belajar tentang bonus yang sebenarnya sampai sepuluh tahun kemudian, namun mengatakan bahwa jika Jobs telah mengatakan kepadanya tentang hal itu dan mengatakan ia membutuhkan uang, Wozniak akan memberinya kepadanya. [54]
Pada awal 1970-an, Jobs dan Wozniak tertarik untuk teknologi seperti magnet. Wozniak telah merancang murah digital " kotak biru "untuk menghasilkan nada yang diperlukan untuk memanipulasi jaringan telepon, yang memungkinkan bebas panggilan jarak jauh. Jobs memutuskan bahwa mereka bisa menghasilkan uang dengan menjual itu. Penjualan rahasia dari "kotak biru" ilegal berjalan dengan baik, dan mungkin menanam benih itu dalam pikiran Jobs bahwa elektronik bisa menyenangkan dan menguntungkan. [55]
Jobs mulai menghadiri pertemuan Homebrew Computer Club bersama Wozniak pada tahun 1975. [2] Dia sangat mengagumi Edwin H. Land , penemu fotografi instan dan pendiri Polaroid Corporation , dan secara eksplisit akan model karir sendiri setelah yang dari Land. [56 ] [57]
Pada tahun 1976, Jobs dan Wozniak membentuk bisnis mereka sendiri, yang mereka namakan "Apple Computer Perusahaan" untuk mengenang Jobs musim panas bahagia telah menghabiskan memetik apel. Pada awalnya mereka mulai menjual papan sirkuit. [58]
Rumah Paul dan Clara Jobs, Drive Crist di Los Altos, California . Steve Jobs membentuk Apple Computer di garasi dengan Steve Wozniak dan Ronald Wayne pada tahun 1976. Wayne tinggal hanya dalam waktu singkat, meninggalkan Jobs dan Wozniak sebagai primer co-pendiri perusahaan.
Jobs dan Steve Wozniak bertemu pada tahun 1971, ketika teman mereka, Bill Fernandez, diperkenalkan 21 tahun Wozniak sampai 16 tahun Jobs. Pada tahun 1976, Wozniak seorang diri menciptakan Apple I komputer. Wozniak menunjukkan kepada Jobs, yang menyarankan bahwa mereka menjualnya. Jobs, Wozniak, dan Ronald Wayne mendirikan komputer Apple di garasi orang tua Jobs untuk menjualnya. [59] Mereka menerima dana dari kemudian-semi-pensiun Intel manajer pemasaran produk dan insinyur Mike Markkula . [60]
Pada tahun 1978, Apple merekrut Mike Scott dari National Semiconductor untuk menjabat sebagai CEO untuk apa ternyata menjadi tahun penuh gejolak beberapa. Pada tahun 1983, Jobs menggaet John Sculley dari Pepsi-Cola untuk menjabat sebagai CEO Apple dengan menanyakan, "Apakah Anda ingin menjual air gula selama sisa hidup Anda, atau apakah Anda mau ikut dengan saya dan mengubah dunia? " [ 61]
Pada awal 1980-an, Jobs adalah salah satu yang pertama untuk melihat potensi komersial dari Xerox PARC tikus -driven antarmuka pengguna grafis , yang menyebabkan penciptaan Apple Lisa . Satu tahun kemudian, Apple karyawan Jef Raskin menemukan Macintosh . [62] [63]
Tahun berikutnya, Apple menyiarkan Super Bowl iklan televisi berjudul " 1.984 ". Pada pertemuan pemegang saham tahunan Apple pada tanggal 24 Januari 1984, Jobs yang emosional memperkenalkan Macintosh kepada hadirin yang sangat antusias; Andy Hertzfeld menggambarkan adegan sebagai "kekacauan". [64]
Logo Apple pada tahun 1977, yang dibuat oleh Rob Janoff dengan tema warna pelangi yang digunakan hingga 1998.
Sementara Jobs adalah seorang direktur persuasif dan karismatik bagi
Apple, beberapa karyawannya pada waktu itu menggambarkannya sebagai
manajer yang tidak menentu dan temperamental.
Penjualan Mengecewakan menyebabkan penurunan dalam hubungan Jobs
bekerja dengan Sculley dan akhirnya menjadi perebutan kekuasaan antara
Jobs dan Sculley. [65] Jobs terus pertemuan berjalan lewat tengah malam, mengirimkan faks yang panjang, kemudian disebut pertemuan baru di 7:00. [66 ]
Sculley belajar bahwa Jobs-yang percaya Sculley menjadi "buruk bagi Apple" dan orang yang salah untuk memimpin perusahaan-telah berusaha untuk mengatur kudeta ruang rapat , dan pada tanggal 24 Mei, 1985 disebut pertemuan dewan untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini. [ 65] dewan direksi Apple memihak Sculley dan Jobs dihapus dari tugas manajerial sebagai kepala divisi Macintosh. [67] [68] Jobs mengundurkan diri dari Apple lima bulan kemudian [65] dan mendirikan NeXT Inc pada tahun yang sama. [66 ] [69]
Dalam pidato Jobs berikan di Stanford University pada tahun 2005, katanya dipecat dari Apple adalah hal terbaik yang bisa terjadi padanya, "Beban berat sebagai orang sukses tergantikan oleh keleluasaan sebagai pemula lagi, kurang yakin tentang segala sesuatu. Hal itu mengantarkan saya untuk memasuki salah satu periode paling kreatif dalam hidup saya. " Dan ia menambahkan, "Saya yakin semua ini akan terjadi jika saya tidak dipecat dari Apple Itu mengerikan obat pahit,. Namun sebagai pasien saya memerlukannya." [42] [70] [71 ]
Sebuah NeXTstation dengan mouse, keyboard asli dan Megapixel NeXT Monitor
Setelah meninggalkan Apple, Jobs mendirikan NeXT Computer pada tahun 1985, dengan $ 7 juta. Setahun kemudian, Jobs kehabisan uang, dan dengan tidak ada produk di cakrawala, ia mengimbau untuk modal ventura. Akhirnya, ia menarik perhatian miliarder Ross Perot yang berinvestasi dalam perusahaan. [72] workstation NeXT yang pertama kali dirilis pada tahun 1990, dengan harga $ 9.999. Seperti Apple Lisa
, workstation NeXT sangat maju, namun sebagian besar diberhentikan
sebagai barang mahal oleh sektor pendidikan yang telah dirancang. [73] The workstation NeXT dikenal karena kekuatan teknis, kepala di antara mereka yang berorientasi obyek pengembangan perangkat lunak sistem.
Jobs memasarkan produk NeXT komunitas keuangan, ilmiah, dan akademis,
menyoroti inovatif, teknologi baru eksperimental, seperti kernel Mach , dengan sinyal digital prosesor chip, dan built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee menciptakan World Wide web pada komputer NeXT di CERN . [74]
The, revisi generasi kedua NeXTcube dirilis pada tahun 1990, juga. Jobs disebut-sebut sebagai komputer pertama "antarpribadi" yang akan menggantikan komputer pribadi. Dengan inovatif NeXTMail sistem multimedia email, NeXTcube bisa berbagi suara, gambar, grafik, dan video dalam email untuk pertama kalinya. "Komputasi Interpersonal akan merevolusi komunikasi manusia dan tugas kelompok", Jobs kepada wartawan. [75] Jobs menjalankan NeXT dengan obsesi demi kesempurnaan estetika, yang dibuktikan dengan perkembangan dan perhatian terhadap kasus magnesium NeXTcube itu. [76] ini tekanan besar menempatkan pada divisi perangkat keras NeXT, dan pada tahun 1993, setelah hanya berhasil menjual 50.000 mesin, NeXT beralih sepenuhnya ke pengembangan perangkat lunak dengan merilis NeXTSTEP / Intel . [77] Perusahaan melaporkan laba pertama dari $ 1.030.000 pada tahun 1994. [72] Pada tahun 1996 , Software NeXT, Inc merilis WebObjects , kerangka untuk pengembangan aplikasi Web. Setelah NeXT diakuisisi oleh Apple Inc pada tahun 1997, WebObjects digunakan untuk membangun dan menjalankan Apple Store , [77] MobileMe layanan, dan iTunes Store .
Film pertama yang diproduksi oleh kemitraan, Toy Story (1995), dengan Jobs dikreditkan sebagai produser eksekutif, [79] membawa ketenaran dan pujian kritis ke studio saat dirilis. Selama 15 tahun ke depan, di bawah pimpinan kreatif Pixar John Lasseter , perusahaan memproduksi hit box-office A Life Bug ini (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc (2001), Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004), Mobil (2006), Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), dan Toy Story 3 . (2010) Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up dan Toy Story 3 masing-masing menerima Academy Award untuk Best Animated Feature , penghargaan diperkenalkan pada tahun 2001. [80]
Pada tahun 2003 dan 2004, karena kontrak Pixar dengan Disney habis, Jobs dan pimpinan eksekutif Disney Michael Eisner mencoba tetapi gagal untuk menegosiasikan kemitraan baru, [82]
dan pada awal tahun 2004, Jobs mengumumkan bahwa Pixar akan menjadi
mitra baru untuk mendistribusikan film-filmnya setelah kontrak dengan
Disney berakhir.
Pada bulan Oktober 2005, Bob Iger menggantikan Eisner di Disney, dan Iger dengan cepat bekerja untuk menambal hubungan dengan Jobs dan Pixar. Pada tanggal 24 Januari 2006, Jobs dan Iger mengumumkan bahwa Disney telah setuju untuk membeli Pixar dalam bentuk transaksi-saham senilai $ 7,4 miliar. Ketika kesepakatan ditutup, Jobs menjadi The Walt Disney Company 's pemegang saham tunggal terbesar dengan sekitar tujuh persen dari saham perusahaan. [83] kepemilikan Jobs di Disney jauh melebihi orang-orang dari Eisner, yang memegang 1,7 persen, dan Disney anggota keluarga Roy E Disney. , yang sampai 2009 kematiannya diadakan sekitar satu persen dari saham perusahaan dan kritiknya terhadap Eisner - terutama bahwa ia membekukan hubungan Disney dengan Pixar - mempercepat turunnya Eisner itu. Setelah menyelesaikan merger, Jobs menerima 7% saham Disney, dan bergabung dengan Dewan Direksi sebagai pemegang saham individu terbesar. [83] [84] [85] Setelah kematian Jobs sahamnya di Disney dialihkan ke Steven P. Jobs Dipercaya dipimpin oleh Jobs Laurene. [86]
Logo untuk Think Different kampanye yang dirancang oleh TBWA \ Chiat \ Day dan diprakarsai oleh Jobs setelah ia kembali ke Apple Computer pada tahun 1997.
Pada tahun 1996, Apple mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan membeli NeXT untuk $ 427.000.000. Kesepakatan itu dicapai pada akhir 1996, [87] membawa Jobs kembali ke perusahaan yang ia dirikan. Jobs menjadi kepala de facto setelah CEO Gil Amelio diturunkan bulan Juli 1997. Dia secara resmi bernama CEO interim pada bulan September. [88]
Pada bulan Maret 1998, untuk berkonsentrasi upaya Apple untuk kembali
ke profitabilitas, Jobs menghentikan sejumlah proyek, seperti Newton , Cyberdog , dan OpenDoc .
Dalam bulan-bulan mendatang, banyak karyawan mengembangkan rasa takut
menghadapi Jobs saat naik lift, "takut bahwa mereka mungkin tidak
memiliki pekerjaan ketika pintu dibuka. Kenyataannya adalah bahwa
eksekusi Jobs jarang terjadi, namun beberapa korban sudah cukup untuk
meneror seluruh perusahaan ". [89] Jobs juga mengubah program lisensi untuk Macintosh klon , sehingga terlalu mahal bagi produsen untuk terus membuat mesin.
Dengan pembelian NeXT, banyak teknologi perusahaan menemukan jalan ke produk Apple, terutama NeXTSTEP , yang berkembang menjadi Mac OS X Di bawah arahan Jobs, perusahaan meningkatkan penjualan secara signifikan dengan pengenalan. iMac dan produk baru lainnya, sejak Kemudian, desain menarik dan merek yang kuat telah bekerja dengan baik untuk Apple. Pada Macworld Expo 2000, Jobs secara resmi menjatuhkan "interim" dari gelar jabatannya di Apple dan menjadi CEO permanen. [90] Jobs berkelakar pada waktu itu bahwa ia akan menggunakan judul "iCEO". [91]
Jobs di panggung Macworld Conference & Expo , San Francisco, 11 Januari 2005
Perusahaan kemudian bercabang, memperkenalkan dan memperbarui peralatan digital lainnya. Dengan pengenalan iPod pemutar musik portabel, perangkat lunak musik digital iTunes, dan iTunes Store , perusahaan ini merambah bidang elektronik konsumen dan distribusi musik. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2007, Apple memasuki bisnis telepon seluler dengan diperkenalkannya iPhone , yang multi-touch display ponsel, yang juga termasuk fitur iPod dan, dengan peramban mobile sendiri, merevolusi adegan mobile browsing. Sementara merangsang inovasi, Jobs juga mengingatkan karyawannya bahwa "seniman sejati mengirimkan karyanya". [92]
Jobs dikagumi baik dan dikritik atas kemampuan persuasi dan kewirausahaannya, yang telah dijuluki " realitas lapangan distorsi "dan sangat jelas selama pidato keynote (bahasa sehari-hari dikenal sebagai" Stevenotes ") pada Macworld Expo dan di Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences . Pada tahun 2005, Jobs menanggapi kritik atas program daur ulang Apple yang buruk untuk sampah elektronik di AS dengan mengecam pendukung lingkungan dan pendukung lainnya pada Pertemuan Tahunan Apple di Cupertino bulan April. Beberapa minggu kemudian, Apple mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan menarik iPod secara gratis di toko-toko ritel. The Kampanye Komputer takeback menanggapi dengan terbang spanduk dari pesawat di atas acara kelulusan Universitas Stanford tempat Jobs menjadi pembicara utamanya. [42] banner bertuliskan "Steve, jangan menjadi pemain mini-mendaur ulang semua e-limbah".
Pada tahun 2006, ia lebih diperluas program daur ulang Apple untuk setiap pelanggan AS yang membeli Mac baru. Program ini meliputi pengiriman dan "pembuangan ramah lingkungan" sistem lama mereka. [93]
Steve Jobs dan Bill Gates di D kelima: All Things Digital konferensi (D5) tahun 2007
Pada tahun 2001, Jobs memberikan opsi saham sebesar 7,5 juta lembar saham Apple dengan harga pelaksanaan sebesar $ 18.30. Itu dugaan bahwa pilihan telah surut , dan bahwa harga pelaksanaan seharusnya $ 21,10.
Lebih lanjut menuduh bahwa Jobs telah terjadi demikian penghasilan kena
pajak dari $ 20.000.000 bahwa dia tidak melaporkan, dan bahwa Apple
dibesar-besarkan pendapatannya dengan jumlah yang sama. Akibatnya, Jobs berpotensi menghadapi sejumlah tuduhan kriminal dan penalti sipil. Kasus adalah subyek aktif investigasi kriminal dan pemerintahan sipil, [105]
meskipun Apple penyelidikan internal independen diselesaikan pada
tanggal 29 Desember 2006, menemukan bahwa Jobs tidak mengetahui masalah
ini dan bahwa opsi yang diberikan kepadanya dikembalikan tanpa
pelaksanaan opsi pada 2003. [106]
Pada tanggal 1 Juli 2008, gugatan class action $ 7 miliar diajukan kepada beberapa anggota Dewan Direktur Apple atas kehilangan laba akibat penipuan sekuritas. [107] [108]
Steve Jobs mengumumkan transisi ke prosesor Intel pada tahun 2005.
Banyak yang terbuat dari kepribadian Jobs yang agresif dan menuntut. Fortune menulis bahwa ia "dianggap sebagai salah satu terkemuka di Silicon Valley egomaniak ". [112] Komentar mengenai gaya temperamental dapat ditemukan di Michael Moritz 's Kerajaan Kecil , The Second Coming of Steve Jobs , oleh Alan Deutschman, dan iCon: Steve Jobs , oleh Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. Pada tahun 1993, Jobs masuk dalam daftar Fortune Bos Amerika Terberat dalam hal kepemimpinannya dari NeXT.
NeXT Pendiri Dan'l Lewin dikutip di Fortune mengatakan periode itu, "adalah The tertinggi luar biasa ... Tapi terendah yang tak terbayangkan", yang kantor Jobs menjawab bahwa kepribadiannya telah berubah sejak saat itu. [113]
Tim Cook CEO Apple mencatat, "Lebih daripada siapapun yang pernah saya temui dalam hidup saya, [Jobs] memiliki kemampuan untuk berubah pikiran, jauh lebih daripada siapa pun yang pernah kutemui ... Mungkin hal yang paling dihargai tentang Steve adalah bahwa ia memiliki keberanian untuk berubah pikiran ". [114]
Pada tahun 2005, Jobs melarang semua buku yang diterbitkan oleh John Wiley & Sons dari Apple Store sebagai tanggapan atas penerbitan biografi tidak sah mereka, iCon: Steve Jobs . [115] Pada tahun 2010 laporan laba tahunannya, Wiley mengatakan telah "menutup kesepakatan .. untuk membuat judul yang tersedia untuk iPad.. " [116] Jef Raskin , bekas koleganya, pernah berkata bahwa Jobs "akan membuat Raja Perancis", menyinggung Jobs menarik dan lebih besar dari kehidupan persona. [117 ] Floyd Norman mengatakan bahwa di Pixar, Jobs adalah "dewasa, individu mellow" dan tidak pernah mengganggu proses kreatif para pembuat film. [118]
Jobs memiliki perang kata-kata dengan publik Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell , dimulai pada tahun 1987 ketika Jobs mengkritik Dell pertama untuk membuat "un-inovatif kotak beige". [119] Pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1997, di Gartner Symposium, ketika Michael Dell adalah bertanya apa yang akan ia lakukan jika ia berlari Computer yang sedang bermasalah Apple, ia berkata "Saya akan menutupnya dan mengembalikan uang tersebut kepada pemegang saham." [120] Pada tahun 2006, Jobs mengirimkan email kepada semua karyawannya ketika Apple kapitalisasi pasar naik melampaui Dell. Email baca:
The RDF dikatakan oleh Andy Hertzfeld menjadi kemampuan Steve Jobs untuk meyakinkan dirinya dan orang lain untuk percaya hampir semua hal, menggunakan campuran pesona, karisma, keberanian , hiperbola , pemasaran, peredaan, dan ketekunan. Meskipun subjek kritik, yang disebut realitas Jobs lapangan distorsi juga diakui sebagai menciptakan rasa bahwa mungkin itu mungkin. Setelah istilah menjadi dikenal secara luas, itu sering digunakan dalam pers teknologi untuk menggambarkan Jobs kekuasaan atas masyarakat, khususnya mengenai pengumuman produk baru. [125] [126]
According to Apple cofounder, Steve Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design..." [ 128 ] [ 129 ] Daniel Kottke, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs', stated that "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person." [ 130 ]
He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Jobs's contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". [ 131 ] Most of these are design patents (specific product designs; for example, Jobs listed as primary inventor in patents for both original and lamp-style iMacs , as well as PowerBook G4 Titanium ) as opposed to utility patents (inventions). [ 132 ] [ 133 ] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions. [ 134 ] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died. [ 135 ] However, Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers. [ 129 ]
Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed. [ 136 ] He also despised the oxygen monitor on his finger and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity. [ 137 ]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially. [ 155 ] Jobs's friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity. [ 156 ] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives", when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program. [ 157 ] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to Product Red's gift to the Global Fund, which fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, according to Bono. [ 158 ] [ 159 ]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985 [ 166 ] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book. [ 35 ]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson , aired on 60 Minutes , [ 167 ] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me." [ 168 ] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson, [ 155 ] [ 169 ] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles. [ 162 ] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more." [ 36 ] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
Jobs once dated Joan Baez
for a few years. Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at
Reed College, believed that Jobs was interested in Baez because she had
been the lover of Bob Dylan " (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). [ 175 ]
Jobs confided in Joanna Hoffman his concerns about the relationship.
She would later tell his official biographer "She was a strong woman,
and he wanted to show he was in control. Plus, he always said he wanted
to have a family, and with her he knew that he wouldn't. [ 176 ]
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles . He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes , he replied:
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House , a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m 2 ), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California . Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House . [ 182 ]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision. [ 183 ] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011. [ 184 ]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix ), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [ 185 ] He was a pescetarian . [ 187 ]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG , which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months. [ 188 ] Jobs involved himself with the details of designing his 78-metre luxury yacht Venus to keep thoughts of death at bay. It is also designed by Philippe Starck , and named after the deity . [ 189 ] [ 190 ]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson , Jobs revealed at one point he met with US President Barack Obama , complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a US university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [ 191 ]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican. [ 192 ]
Jobs addressing concerns about his health in 2008.
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer, [ 193 ] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas . [ 194 ] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor; [ 195 ] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor . [ 194 ] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months, [ 155 ] instead consuming a special alternative medicine
diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard
researcher Ramzi Amri, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an
unnecessarily early death." [ 193 ] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson
, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic
cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined." [ 196 ]
"Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other
treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was
influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel
cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery
in July 2004." [ 197 ] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy . [ 194 ] [ 201 ] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook , head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company. [ 194 ]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference . His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery, [ 202 ] [ 203 ] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health. [ 204 ] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine". [ 205 ] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust." [ 206 ]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address. [ 207 ] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics, [ 208 ] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure. [ 201 ] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer." [ 211 ]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it, [ 212 ] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health. [ 213 ] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by essentially [ 214 ] quoting Mark Twain : "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated." [ 215 ] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure , stating he would not address further questions about his health. [ 216 ]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com , [ 219 ] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a " hormone imbalance" for several months. [ 220 ]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, [ 221 ] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions." [ 221 ]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent". [ 222 ]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7). [ 226 ]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come." [ 227 ] Jobs became chairman of the board thereafter, naming Tim Cook his successor as CEO, [ 228 ] [ 229 ] and continued to work for Apple until the day before his death 7 weeks later. [ 230 ]
Flags flying at half-staff outside Apple HQ in Cupertino, on the evening of Steve Jobs's death.
Memorial candles and iPads to Steve Jobs outside the Apple Store in Palo Alto California shortly after his death
Jobs died at his California home around 3 pm on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer , [ 2 ] [ 231 ] [ 232 ] resulting in respiratory arrest . [ 233 ] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side. [ 234 ]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland , to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011. [ 237 ]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar , with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull , and the eulogy they wrote: [ 242 ]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell , Norah Jones , Al Gore , and Coldplay , and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website. [ 248 ]
Jobs is buried in an unmarked grave at Alta Mesa Memorial Park , the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs , his daughter from a previous relationship. [ 251 ] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully". [ 252 ] [ 253 ] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them"; his last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issue's cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff , in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time . [ 261 ] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman , and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs . [ 262 ]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published a commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson , John Sculley , Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson . On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 266 ] —perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business, [ 267 ] [ 268 ] innovation, [ 269 ] and product design, [ 270 ] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world, [ 263 ] [ 265 ] [ 269 ] revolutionized at least six different industries, [ 264 ] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives". [ 264 ] His death was widely mourned [ 269 ] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe. [ 266 ]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet." [ 273 ] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it." [ 274 ]
There was also a dissenting tone in some coverage of Jobs' life and works in the media, where attention focused on his near-fanatical control mindset and business ruthlessness. A Los Angeles Times media critic reported that the eulogies "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press." [ 275 ] Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to Apple's strategy of tight corporate control over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died". [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor stated that under Jobs, Apple had taken stances that in his view were "outright hostile to the practice of journalism" [ 275 ] - these included suing three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products including attempts to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources, suing teenager Nicholas Ciarelli , who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13 [ 275 ] (Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill his 'ThinkSecret' blog as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [ 275 ] ).
Steve Jobs with the first generation iPad tablet
After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year" , the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro". [ 278 ] [ 279 ]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor), [ 280 ] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award ) in 1987. [ 281 ] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine. [ 282 ] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame , located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts . [ 283 ]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement , [ 284 ] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine . [ 285 ] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine. [ 267 ]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes : The World's Most Powerful People. [ 286 ] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [ 287 ] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley , the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'". [ 288 ] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be." [ 287 ]
Statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park, Budapest [ 289 ]
On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age. [ 289 ]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison. [ 290 ]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award , an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance. [ 291 ]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation". [ 292 ]
Two films, Disney 's John Carter [ 293 ] and Pixar 's Brave , [ 294 ] are dedicated to Jobs.
On October 5, 2012, Apple.com's homepage was changed to a video tribute to Jobs, because it was the first anniversary of his death, and it showed pictures with audio from some of his greatest keynotes. When the video ended, it showed a note from Tim Cook about the matter.
Pada akhir 1970-an, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak direkayasa salah satu jalur yang sukses secara komersial pertama dari komputer pribadi, seri Apple II . Jobs adalah di antara yang pertama untuk melihat potensi komersial dari Xerox PARC 's tikus -driven antarmuka pengguna grafis , yang menyebabkan penciptaan Apple Lisa dan, satu tahun kemudian, Macintosh . Dia juga memainkan peran dalam memperkenalkan LaserWriter , salah satu printer laser pertama yang tersedia secara luas, ke pasar. [10]
Setelah perebutan kekuasaan dengan dewan direksi pada tahun 1985, Jobs meninggalkan Apple dan mendirikan NeXT , sebuah platform komputer perusahaan pengembangan mengkhususkan diri di pasar pendidikan tinggi dan bisnis. Pada tahun 1986, ia mengambil alih divisi grafis komputer Lucasfilm , yang berputar off sebagai Pixar . [11] Dia dikreditkan dalam Toy Story (1995) sebagai produser eksekutif. Ia menjabat sebagai CEO dan pemegang saham mayoritas sampai Disney pembelian 's Pixar pada tahun 2006. [12] Pada tahun 1996, setelah Apple telah gagal untuk memberikan sistem operasi, Copland , Gil Amelio beralih ke Komputer NeXT, dan NeXTSTEP platform yang menjadi dasar bagi yang Mac OS X . [13] Jobs kembali ke Apple sebagai penasihat, dan mengambil alih perusahaan sebagai CEO interim. Jobs membawa Apple dari kebangkrutan dekat profitabilitas pada tahun 1998. [14] [15]
Sebagai CEO baru perusahaan, Jobs mengawasi perkembangan iMac , iTunes , iPod , iPhone , dan iPad , dan pada sisi layanan, perusahaan toko Apple Retail , iTunes Store dan App Store . [16] Keberhasilan produk-produk dan layanan yang diberikan beberapa tahun pengembalian keuangan yang stabil, dan mendorong Apple untuk menjadi paling berharga perusahaan dunia publik pada tahun 2011. [17] The reinvigoration perusahaan dianggap oleh banyak komentator sebagai salah satu perputaran terbesar dalam sejarah bisnis. [18] [19] [20]
Pada tahun 2003, Jobs didiagnosa dengan pankreas neuroendokrin tumor . Meskipun awalnya dirawat, ia melaporkan ketidakseimbangan hormon, menjalani transplantasi hati pada 2009, dan muncul semakin tipis karena kesehatannya menurun. [21] Pada medis meninggalkan sebagian besar dari 2011, Jobs mengundurkan diri pada bulan Agustus tahun itu, dan terpilih Ketua Dewan. Dia meninggal karena serangan pernapasan yang berhubungan dengan tumor metastatik nya pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2011.
Jobs telah menerima sejumlah penghargaan dan pengakuan publik untuk pengaruhnya dalam teknologi dan industri musik. Dia telah banyak disebut sebagai "legendaris" "futuris", atau hanya "visioner", [22] [23] [24] [25] dan telah digambarkan sebagai "Bapak Revolusi Digital", [26] "master inovasi", [27] [28] dan "desain perfeksionis". [29] [30]
Awal kehidupan dan pendidikan
Steven Paul Jobs lahir di San Francisco pada 24 Februari 1955 untuk dua mahasiswa, Joanne Carole Schieble, dari Swiss keturunan Katolik, dan Suriah -kelahiran Abdulfattah "John" Jandali ( bahasa Arab : عبدالفتاح جندلي), yang keduanya menikah di waktu. [31] Jandali, yang mengajar di Wisconsin ketika Steve lahir, mengatakan ia tidak punya pilihan selain untuk menempatkan bayi untuk diadopsi karena keluarga pacarnya keberatan dengan hubungan mereka. [32]Bayi itu diadopsi pada saat lahir oleh Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922-1993) dan Clara Jobs (1924-1986), seorang Amerika Armenia [33] yang nama gadis itu Hagopian. [34] Menurut alamat dimulainya Steve Jobs di Stanford, Schieble ingin Jobs yang diadopsi hanya oleh beberapa perguruan tinggi lulusan. Schieble belajar bahwa Clara Jobs tidak lulus dari perguruan tinggi dan Paul Jobs hanya dihadiri sekolah tinggi, tapi menandatangani surat adopsi akhir setelah mereka berjanji bahwa anak pasti akan didorong dan didukung untuk menghadiri kuliah. Kemudian, ketika ditanya tentang "orangtua angkat", Jobs menjawab tegas bahwa Paulus dan Clara Jobs "adalah orang tua saya." [35] Dia menyatakan dalam biografinya resmi bahwa mereka "adalah orang tua saya 1.000%." [36] Diketahui kepadanya , orang tua kandungnya selanjutnya akan menikah (Desember 1955), memiliki anak kedua, novelis Mona Simpson , pada tahun 1957, dan perceraian pada tahun 1962. [36]
Keluarga Jobs pindah dari San Francisco ke Mountain View, California ketika Steve berusia lima tahun. [1] [2] Orang tua kemudian mengadopsi anak perempuan, Patty. Paulus bekerja sebagai mekanik dan tukang kayu, dan mengajarkan anaknya elektronik dasar dan bagaimana bekerja dengan tangannya. [1] Sang ayah menunjukkan Steve bagaimana untuk bekerja pada elektronik di garasi keluarga, menunjukkan kepada anaknya bagaimana membongkar dan membangun kembali elektronik seperti radio dan televisi. Akibatnya, Steve menjadi tertarik dan mengembangkan hobi mengutak-atik teknis. [37]
Clara adalah seorang akuntan [35] yang mengajarinya membaca sebelum ia pergi ke sekolah. [1] Clara Jobs telah menjadi petugas penggajian untuk Varian Associates , salah satu perusahaan berteknologi tinggi pertama dalam apa yang dikenal sebagai Silicon Valley . [38 ]
Jobs muda itu penuh dengan frustrasi atas pendidikan formal. Di Monta Sekolah Dasar Loma di Mountain View, ia adalah orang iseng yang keempat guru kelas yang dibutuhkan untuk menyuap dia untuk belajar. Jobs diuji dengan baik, bagaimanapun, bahwa administrator ingin dia melewatkan dua kelas dan masuk sekolah-tinggi usulan orang tuanya menolak, membiarkan dia melewatkan satu kelas. [36] [39]
Jobs kemudian menghadiri Cupertino SMP dan Sekolah Tinggi Homestead di Cupertino, California . [2] Pada Homestead, Jobs menjadi berteman dengan Bill Fernandez, seorang tetangga yang berbagi minat yang sama dalam elektronik. Fernandez diperkenalkan Jobs lain anak, komputer jagoan tua, Steve Wozniak (juga dikenal sebagai "Woz"). Pada tahun 1969 Woz mulai membangun board komputer kecil dengan Fernandez yang mereka namakan "The Cream Soda Computer ", yang mereka menunjukkan kepada Jobs,. dia tampak benar-benar tertarik [40]
Setelah lulus SMA pada tahun 1972, Jobs terdaftar di Reed College di Portland, Oregon . Reed adalah sebuah perguruan tinggi yang mahal yang Paulus dan Clara sakit mampu. Mereka menghabiskan banyak tabungan hidup mereka pada pendidikan anak mereka yang lebih tinggi. [40] Jobs drop out dari kuliah setelah enam bulan dan menghabiskan 18 bulan berikutnya mampir di kelas kreatif, termasuk kursus kaligrafi. [41] Ia melanjutkan audit kelas di Reed saat tidur di lantai di kamar asrama teman ', kembali botol Coke untuk uang makanan, dan mendapatkan makanan gratis mingguan di lokal Hare Krishna candi. [42] Jobs kemudian mengatakan, "Seandainya saya tidak DO dan mengambil satu kaligrafi Tentu saja kaligrafi, Mac tidak akan memiliki beberapa tipografi atau font proporsional spasi ". [42]
Awal karir
Pada tahun 1974, Jobs mengambil pekerjaan sebagai teknisi di Atari, Inc di Los Gatos, California . [43] Dia melakukan perjalanan ke India pada pertengahan-1974 [44] untuk mengunjungi Neem Karoli Baba [45] di Ashram Kainchi nya dengan Reed teman kuliah (dan, kemudian, seorang karyawan Apple awal), Daniel Kottke , untuk mencari pencerahan spiritual. Ketika mereka sampai di Neem Karoli ashram, itu hampir kosong sebagai Neem Karoli Baba telah meninggal pada bulan September 1973. [43] Kemudian mereka membuat perjalanan panjang sampai kering dasar sungai ke ashram Hariakhan Baba . Di India, mereka menghabiskan banyak waktu pada naik bus dari Delhi ke Uttar Pradesh dan kembali, kemudian naik ke Himachal Pradesh dan kembali. [43]
Setelah tinggal selama tujuh bulan, Jobs meninggalkan India [46] dan kembali ke AS menjelang Daniel Kottke. [43] Jobs telah mengubah penampilannya,. kepalanya dicukur dan ia mengenakan pakaian tradisional India [47] [48] Selama ini waktu, Jobs bereksperimen dengan psychedelics , kemudian memanggil nya LSD mengalami "salah satu dari dua atau tiga hal yang paling penting [dia] dilakukan dalam kehidupan [nya]". [49] [50] Ia juga menjadi praktisi serius Zen Buddhisme , terlibat dalam panjang retret meditasi di Tassajara Zen Mountain Center , yang tertua Zen Soto biara di AS. [51] Ia dianggap mengambil tinggal di biara Eihei-ji di Jepang, dan mempertahankan penghargaan seumur hidup bagi Zen. [52] Jobs akan kemudian mengatakan bahwa orang-orang di sekelilingnya yang tidak berbagi nya countercultural akar tidak dapat memahami sepenuhnya setiap pemikirannya. [49]Jobs kemudian kembali ke Atari, dan ditugaskan untuk membuat papan sirkuit untuk arcade video game Breakout . Menurut pendiri Atari Nolan Bushnell , Atari menawarkan $ 100 untuk setiap chip yang dihapuskan di mesin. Jobs punya sedikit pengetahuan khusus tentang desain papan sirkuit dan membuat kesepakatan dengan Wozniak untuk membagi biaya secara merata di antara mereka jika Wozniak mampu meminimalkan jumlah chip. Banyak hal yang mencengangkan insinyur Atari, Wozniak mengurangi jumlah chip sebanyak 50, desain begitu ketat sehingga tidak mungkin untuk mereproduksi pada jalur perakitan. [ penjelasan lebih lanjut diperlukan ] Menurut Wozniak, Jobs mengatakan bahwa Atari memberi mereka hanya $ 700 (bukannya $ ditawarkan 5.000), dan Wozniak pun mendapat bagian $ 350. [53] Wozniak tidak belajar tentang bonus yang sebenarnya sampai sepuluh tahun kemudian, namun mengatakan bahwa jika Jobs telah mengatakan kepadanya tentang hal itu dan mengatakan ia membutuhkan uang, Wozniak akan memberinya kepadanya. [54]
Pada awal 1970-an, Jobs dan Wozniak tertarik untuk teknologi seperti magnet. Wozniak telah merancang murah digital " kotak biru "untuk menghasilkan nada yang diperlukan untuk memanipulasi jaringan telepon, yang memungkinkan bebas panggilan jarak jauh. Jobs memutuskan bahwa mereka bisa menghasilkan uang dengan menjual itu. Penjualan rahasia dari "kotak biru" ilegal berjalan dengan baik, dan mungkin menanam benih itu dalam pikiran Jobs bahwa elektronik bisa menyenangkan dan menguntungkan. [55]
Jobs mulai menghadiri pertemuan Homebrew Computer Club bersama Wozniak pada tahun 1975. [2] Dia sangat mengagumi Edwin H. Land , penemu fotografi instan dan pendiri Polaroid Corporation , dan secara eksplisit akan model karir sendiri setelah yang dari Land. [56 ] [57]
Pada tahun 1976, Jobs dan Wozniak membentuk bisnis mereka sendiri, yang mereka namakan "Apple Computer Perusahaan" untuk mengenang Jobs musim panas bahagia telah menghabiskan memetik apel. Pada awalnya mereka mulai menjual papan sirkuit. [58]
Karier
Apple Computer
Lihat juga: Sejarah Apple
Pada tahun 1978, Apple merekrut Mike Scott dari National Semiconductor untuk menjabat sebagai CEO untuk apa ternyata menjadi tahun penuh gejolak beberapa. Pada tahun 1983, Jobs menggaet John Sculley dari Pepsi-Cola untuk menjabat sebagai CEO Apple dengan menanyakan, "Apakah Anda ingin menjual air gula selama sisa hidup Anda, atau apakah Anda mau ikut dengan saya dan mengubah dunia? " [ 61]
Pada awal 1980-an, Jobs adalah salah satu yang pertama untuk melihat potensi komersial dari Xerox PARC tikus -driven antarmuka pengguna grafis , yang menyebabkan penciptaan Apple Lisa . Satu tahun kemudian, Apple karyawan Jef Raskin menemukan Macintosh . [62] [63]
Tahun berikutnya, Apple menyiarkan Super Bowl iklan televisi berjudul " 1.984 ". Pada pertemuan pemegang saham tahunan Apple pada tanggal 24 Januari 1984, Jobs yang emosional memperkenalkan Macintosh kepada hadirin yang sangat antusias; Andy Hertzfeld menggambarkan adegan sebagai "kekacauan". [64]
Sculley belajar bahwa Jobs-yang percaya Sculley menjadi "buruk bagi Apple" dan orang yang salah untuk memimpin perusahaan-telah berusaha untuk mengatur kudeta ruang rapat , dan pada tanggal 24 Mei, 1985 disebut pertemuan dewan untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini. [ 65] dewan direksi Apple memihak Sculley dan Jobs dihapus dari tugas manajerial sebagai kepala divisi Macintosh. [67] [68] Jobs mengundurkan diri dari Apple lima bulan kemudian [65] dan mendirikan NeXT Inc pada tahun yang sama. [66 ] [69]
Dalam pidato Jobs berikan di Stanford University pada tahun 2005, katanya dipecat dari Apple adalah hal terbaik yang bisa terjadi padanya, "Beban berat sebagai orang sukses tergantikan oleh keleluasaan sebagai pemula lagi, kurang yakin tentang segala sesuatu. Hal itu mengantarkan saya untuk memasuki salah satu periode paling kreatif dalam hidup saya. " Dan ia menambahkan, "Saya yakin semua ini akan terjadi jika saya tidak dipecat dari Apple Itu mengerikan obat pahit,. Namun sebagai pasien saya memerlukannya." [42] [70] [71 ]
NeXT Komputer
Lihat juga: NeXT
The, revisi generasi kedua NeXTcube dirilis pada tahun 1990, juga. Jobs disebut-sebut sebagai komputer pertama "antarpribadi" yang akan menggantikan komputer pribadi. Dengan inovatif NeXTMail sistem multimedia email, NeXTcube bisa berbagi suara, gambar, grafik, dan video dalam email untuk pertama kalinya. "Komputasi Interpersonal akan merevolusi komunikasi manusia dan tugas kelompok", Jobs kepada wartawan. [75] Jobs menjalankan NeXT dengan obsesi demi kesempurnaan estetika, yang dibuktikan dengan perkembangan dan perhatian terhadap kasus magnesium NeXTcube itu. [76] ini tekanan besar menempatkan pada divisi perangkat keras NeXT, dan pada tahun 1993, setelah hanya berhasil menjual 50.000 mesin, NeXT beralih sepenuhnya ke pengembangan perangkat lunak dengan merilis NeXTSTEP / Intel . [77] Perusahaan melaporkan laba pertama dari $ 1.030.000 pada tahun 1994. [72] Pada tahun 1996 , Software NeXT, Inc merilis WebObjects , kerangka untuk pengembangan aplikasi Web. Setelah NeXT diakuisisi oleh Apple Inc pada tahun 1997, WebObjects digunakan untuk membangun dan menjalankan Apple Store , [77] MobileMe layanan, dan iTunes Store .
Pixar dan Disney
Pada tahun 1986, Jobs membeli The Graphics Grup (kemudian berganti nama menjadi Pixar ) dari Lucasfilm 's divisi grafis komputer untuk harga sebesar $ 10 juta, $ 5 juta di antaranya diberikan kepada perusahaan sebagai modal. [78]Film pertama yang diproduksi oleh kemitraan, Toy Story (1995), dengan Jobs dikreditkan sebagai produser eksekutif, [79] membawa ketenaran dan pujian kritis ke studio saat dirilis. Selama 15 tahun ke depan, di bawah pimpinan kreatif Pixar John Lasseter , perusahaan memproduksi hit box-office A Life Bug ini (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc (2001), Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004), Mobil (2006), Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), dan Toy Story 3 . (2010) Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up dan Toy Story 3 masing-masing menerima Academy Award untuk Best Animated Feature , penghargaan diperkenalkan pada tahun 2001. [80]
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Steve Jobs pada komputer grafis. Wawancara kutipan dari tahun 1995. [81]
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Pada bulan Oktober 2005, Bob Iger menggantikan Eisner di Disney, dan Iger dengan cepat bekerja untuk menambal hubungan dengan Jobs dan Pixar. Pada tanggal 24 Januari 2006, Jobs dan Iger mengumumkan bahwa Disney telah setuju untuk membeli Pixar dalam bentuk transaksi-saham senilai $ 7,4 miliar. Ketika kesepakatan ditutup, Jobs menjadi The Walt Disney Company 's pemegang saham tunggal terbesar dengan sekitar tujuh persen dari saham perusahaan. [83] kepemilikan Jobs di Disney jauh melebihi orang-orang dari Eisner, yang memegang 1,7 persen, dan Disney anggota keluarga Roy E Disney. , yang sampai 2009 kematiannya diadakan sekitar satu persen dari saham perusahaan dan kritiknya terhadap Eisner - terutama bahwa ia membekukan hubungan Disney dengan Pixar - mempercepat turunnya Eisner itu. Setelah menyelesaikan merger, Jobs menerima 7% saham Disney, dan bergabung dengan Dewan Direksi sebagai pemegang saham individu terbesar. [83] [84] [85] Setelah kematian Jobs sahamnya di Disney dialihkan ke Steven P. Jobs Dipercaya dipimpin oleh Jobs Laurene. [86]
Kembali ke Apple
Dengan pembelian NeXT, banyak teknologi perusahaan menemukan jalan ke produk Apple, terutama NeXTSTEP , yang berkembang menjadi Mac OS X Di bawah arahan Jobs, perusahaan meningkatkan penjualan secara signifikan dengan pengenalan. iMac dan produk baru lainnya, sejak Kemudian, desain menarik dan merek yang kuat telah bekerja dengan baik untuk Apple. Pada Macworld Expo 2000, Jobs secara resmi menjatuhkan "interim" dari gelar jabatannya di Apple dan menjadi CEO permanen. [90] Jobs berkelakar pada waktu itu bahwa ia akan menggunakan judul "iCEO". [91]
Jobs dikagumi baik dan dikritik atas kemampuan persuasi dan kewirausahaannya, yang telah dijuluki " realitas lapangan distorsi "dan sangat jelas selama pidato keynote (bahasa sehari-hari dikenal sebagai" Stevenotes ") pada Macworld Expo dan di Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences . Pada tahun 2005, Jobs menanggapi kritik atas program daur ulang Apple yang buruk untuk sampah elektronik di AS dengan mengecam pendukung lingkungan dan pendukung lainnya pada Pertemuan Tahunan Apple di Cupertino bulan April. Beberapa minggu kemudian, Apple mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan menarik iPod secara gratis di toko-toko ritel. The Kampanye Komputer takeback menanggapi dengan terbang spanduk dari pesawat di atas acara kelulusan Universitas Stanford tempat Jobs menjadi pembicara utamanya. [42] banner bertuliskan "Steve, jangan menjadi pemain mini-mendaur ulang semua e-limbah".
Pada tahun 2006, ia lebih diperluas program daur ulang Apple untuk setiap pelanggan AS yang membeli Mac baru. Program ini meliputi pengiriman dan "pembuangan ramah lingkungan" sistem lama mereka. [93]
Pengunduran diri
Pada Agustus 2011, Jobs mengundurkan diri sebagai CEO Apple, namun tetap dengan perusahaan sebagai ketua dewan perusahaan. [94] [95] Beberapa jam setelah pengumuman tersebut, Apple Inc (AAPL) saham turun lima persen dalam perdagangan after-hours. [96] Penurunan yang relatif kecil, ketika mempertimbangkan pentingnya Jobs ke Apple, dikaitkan dengan fakta bahwa kesehatannya telah dalam berita selama beberapa tahun, dan ia telah di cuti medis sejak Januari 2011. [97] Itu diyakini, menurut Forbes , yang dampaknya akan dirasakan dalam cara negatif melampaui Apple, termasuk di The Walt Disney Company di mana Jobs menjabat sebagai direktur. [98] Dalam setelah-jam perdagangan pada hari pengumuman, Walt Disney Co (DIS) saham turun 1,5 persen. [99]Bisnis hidup
Kekayaan
Meskipun Jobs memperoleh hanya $ 1 per tahun sebagai CEO Apple, [100] Jobs diadakan 5.426.000 saham Apple senilai $ 2,1 miliar, serta 138 juta saham di Disney (yang ia terima sebagai imbalan akuisisi Disney Pixar) senilai $ 4,4 miliar. [ 101] [102] Jobs menyindir bahwa $ 1 per tahun yang dibayar oleh Apple didasarkan pada menghadiri satu pertemuan untuk 50 sen sementara 50 lainnya sen didasarkan pada penampilannya. [103] Forbes memperkirakan kekayaan bersihnya mencapai $ 8300000000 pada tahun 2010 , membuatnya 42-terkaya Amerika. [104]Opsi saham backdating masalah
Pada tanggal 1 Juli 2008, gugatan class action $ 7 miliar diajukan kepada beberapa anggota Dewan Direktur Apple atas kehilangan laba akibat penipuan sekuritas. [107] [108]
Gaya manajemen
Jobs adalah seorang perfeksionis menuntut [109] [110] yang selalu bercita-cita untuk posisi bisnis dan produk mereka di garis depan industri teknologi informasi dengan meramalkan dan menetapkan tren, setidaknya dalam hal inovasi dan gaya. Dia menyimpulkan bahwa konsep diri pada akhir pidatonya di Macworld Conference and Expo bulan Januari 2007, dengan mengutip pemain hoki es Wayne GretzkyAda kutipan Wayne Gretzky tua yang saya cintai. "Aku meluncur ke tempat Puck akan menjadi, tidak di mana itu sudah." Dan kami selalu mencoba melakukannya di Apple. Sejak awal sangat sangat. Dan kita akan selalu. [111]
NeXT Pendiri Dan'l Lewin dikutip di Fortune mengatakan periode itu, "adalah The tertinggi luar biasa ... Tapi terendah yang tak terbayangkan", yang kantor Jobs menjawab bahwa kepribadiannya telah berubah sejak saat itu. [113]
Tim Cook CEO Apple mencatat, "Lebih daripada siapapun yang pernah saya temui dalam hidup saya, [Jobs] memiliki kemampuan untuk berubah pikiran, jauh lebih daripada siapa pun yang pernah kutemui ... Mungkin hal yang paling dihargai tentang Steve adalah bahwa ia memiliki keberanian untuk berubah pikiran ". [114]
Pada tahun 2005, Jobs melarang semua buku yang diterbitkan oleh John Wiley & Sons dari Apple Store sebagai tanggapan atas penerbitan biografi tidak sah mereka, iCon: Steve Jobs . [115] Pada tahun 2010 laporan laba tahunannya, Wiley mengatakan telah "menutup kesepakatan .. untuk membuat judul yang tersedia untuk iPad.. " [116] Jef Raskin , bekas koleganya, pernah berkata bahwa Jobs "akan membuat Raja Perancis", menyinggung Jobs menarik dan lebih besar dari kehidupan persona. [117 ] Floyd Norman mengatakan bahwa di Pixar, Jobs adalah "dewasa, individu mellow" dan tidak pernah mengganggu proses kreatif para pembuat film. [118]
Jobs memiliki perang kata-kata dengan publik Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell , dimulai pada tahun 1987 ketika Jobs mengkritik Dell pertama untuk membuat "un-inovatif kotak beige". [119] Pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1997, di Gartner Symposium, ketika Michael Dell adalah bertanya apa yang akan ia lakukan jika ia berlari Computer yang sedang bermasalah Apple, ia berkata "Saya akan menutupnya dan mengembalikan uang tersebut kepada pemegang saham." [120] Pada tahun 2006, Jobs mengirimkan email kepada semua karyawannya ketika Apple kapitalisasi pasar naik melampaui Dell. Email baca:
Tim, ternyata Michael Dell tidak sempurna dalam memprediksi masa depan. Berdasarkan penutupan pasar saham hari ini, Apple bernilai lebih dari Dell. Saham naik dan turun, dan hal mungkin besok berbeda, tapi saya pikir itu layak momen saat refleksi. Steve. [121]Jobs juga anggota dewan di Gap Inc 1999-2002. [122]
Distorsi realitas lapangan
Artikel utama: Realitas lapangan distorsi
Apple Tribble Bud menciptakan "lapangan distorsi realitas" dalam 1981, untuk menggambarkan Jobs karisma dan dampaknya pada para pengembang yang bekerja pada Macintosh proyek. [123] Tribble mengklaim bahwa istilah berasal dari Star Trek . [123] Sejak itu istilah juga telah digunakan untuk merujuk kepada persepsi pembicara utama Jobs . [124] The RDF dikatakan oleh Andy Hertzfeld menjadi kemampuan Steve Jobs untuk meyakinkan dirinya dan orang lain untuk percaya hampir semua hal, menggunakan campuran pesona, karisma, keberanian , hiperbola , pemasaran, peredaan, dan ketekunan. Meskipun subjek kritik, yang disebut realitas Jobs lapangan distorsi juga diakui sebagai menciptakan rasa bahwa mungkin itu mungkin. Setelah istilah menjadi dikenal secara luas, itu sering digunakan dalam pers teknologi untuk menggambarkan Jobs kekuasaan atas masyarakat, khususnya mengenai pengumuman produk baru. [125] [126]
Penemuan dan desain
Estetika desain Jobs dipengaruhi oleh modernis gaya arsitektur Joseph Eichler , dan desain industri dari Braun Rams Dieter . [36] pengertian desain Nya juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh agama Buddha yang ia alami di India sementara di perjalanan tujuh bulan spiritual. [127] Rasa intuisi juga dipengaruhi oleh orang-orang spiritual dengan siapa ia belajar. [127]According to Apple cofounder, Steve Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design..." [ 128 ] [ 129 ] Daniel Kottke, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs', stated that "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person." [ 130 ]
He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Jobs's contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". [ 131 ] Most of these are design patents (specific product designs; for example, Jobs listed as primary inventor in patents for both original and lamp-style iMacs , as well as PowerBook G4 Titanium ) as opposed to utility patents (inventions). [ 132 ] [ 133 ] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions. [ 134 ] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died. [ 135 ] However, Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers. [ 129 ]
Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed. [ 136 ] He also despised the oxygen monitor on his finger and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity. [ 137 ]
The Macintosh Computer
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no "Mac" name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo. [ 138 ] The Macintosh had a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand. [ 139 ]The NeXT Computer
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world's first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today's Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS). [ 140 ] iMac
Main article: IMac
Apple iMac
was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the
result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our
computer looks better than the front of anyone else's". [ 141 ]
Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic,
was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple
introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white.
Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as
the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to
sleep. [ 142 ]
The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There were some technical
revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on
the iMac. So the iMac's success helped popularize the interface among
third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many
early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac
design. [ 143 ] iPod
Main article: IPod
The first generation of iPod
was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its
small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5"
drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first
generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes. [ 144 ]
The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before
the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming
a major player in the music industry. [ 145 ] Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone. [ 146 ] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic , the touchscreen iPod Touch , video-capable iPod Nano , screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years. [ 145 ] iPhone
Main article: IPhone
Apple began work on the first iPhone
in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone
created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten
Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it
"Invention of the Year" for 2007. [ 147 ] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. [ 148 ] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS , added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller. [ 149 ]
iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera
which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing
camera for video calls. [ 150 ] A major feature of the iPhone 4S , introduced in October 2011, was Siri , which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition. [ 147 ] Kedermawanan
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates 's efforts. [ 151 ] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world's richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity. [ 152 ] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that "the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values." [ 153 ] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately. [ 154 ]After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially. [ 155 ] Jobs's friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity. [ 156 ] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives", when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program. [ 157 ] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to Product Red's gift to the Global Fund, which fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, according to Bono. [ 158 ] [ 159 ]
Kehidupan pribadi
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin . Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, from Syria , [ 160 ] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." [ 161 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist . Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada . [ 164 ] [ 165 ] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter. [ 166 ] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson . [ 162 ]In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985 [ 166 ] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book. [ 35 ]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson , aired on 60 Minutes , [ 167 ] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me." [ 168 ] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson, [ 155 ] [ 169 ] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles. [ 162 ] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more." [ 36 ] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
- I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif . I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother. [ 166 ]
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles . He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes , he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people. [ 177 ]In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo , an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore , Steven Spielberg , Steve Martin , and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan , daughter of Rita Hayworth , also had apartments. With the help of IM Pei , Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono . Jobs never moved in. [ 178 ] [ 179 ]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House , a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m 2 ), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California . Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House . [ 182 ]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision. [ 183 ] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011. [ 184 ]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix ), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [ 185 ] He was a pescetarian . [ 187 ]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG , which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months. [ 188 ] Jobs involved himself with the details of designing his 78-metre luxury yacht Venus to keep thoughts of death at bay. It is also designed by Philippe Starck , and named after the deity . [ 189 ] [ 190 ]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson , Jobs revealed at one point he met with US President Barack Obama , complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a US university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [ 191 ]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican. [ 192 ]
Health issues
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference . His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery, [ 202 ] [ 203 ] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health. [ 204 ] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine". [ 205 ] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust." [ 206 ]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address. [ 207 ] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics, [ 208 ] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure. [ 201 ] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer." [ 211 ]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it, [ 212 ] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health. [ 213 ] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by essentially [ 214 ] quoting Mark Twain : "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated." [ 215 ] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure , stating he would not address further questions about his health. [ 216 ]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com , [ 219 ] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a " hormone imbalance" for several months. [ 220 ]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, [ 221 ] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions." [ 221 ]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent". [ 222 ]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7). [ 226 ]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come." [ 227 ] Jobs became chairman of the board thereafter, naming Tim Cook his successor as CEO, [ 228 ] [ 229 ] and continued to work for Apple until the day before his death 7 weeks later. [ 230 ]
Kematian
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland , to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011. [ 237 ]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait. [ 239 ] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today. Kecemerlangan Steve, semangat dan energi adalah sumber inovasi yang tak terhitung jumlahnya yang memperkaya dan meningkatkan semua kehidupan kita. Dunia ini tak terkira lebih baik karena Steve.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts. [ 238 ]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple. [ 239 ]
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar , with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull , and the eulogy they wrote: [ 242 ]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family. [ 243 ] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages. [ 244 ] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California. [ 245 ] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono , Yo Yo Ma , and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station. [ 246 ] [ 247 ]Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time. [ 242 ]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell , Norah Jones , Al Gore , and Coldplay , and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website. [ 248 ]
Jobs is buried in an unmarked grave at Alta Mesa Memorial Park , the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs , his daughter from a previous relationship. [ 251 ] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully". [ 252 ] [ 253 ] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them"; his last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
- "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow." [ 166 ]
Liputan media
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC , CBS , and NBC . [ 254 ] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama , [ 255 ] British Prime Minister David Cameron , [ 256 ] Microsoft founder Bill Gates , [ 257 ] and The Walt Disney Company 's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage. [ 258 ] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas . [ 259 ] [ 260 ] After Steve Jobs's death, Adult Swim aired a 15-second segment with the words "hello" in a script font fading in and then changing into "goodbye".Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issue's cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff , in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time . [ 261 ] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman , and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs . [ 262 ]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published a commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson , John Sculley , Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson . On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 266 ] —perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business, [ 267 ] [ 268 ] innovation, [ 269 ] and product design, [ 270 ] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world, [ 263 ] [ 265 ] [ 269 ] revolutionized at least six different industries, [ 264 ] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives". [ 264 ] His death was widely mourned [ 269 ] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe. [ 266 ]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet." [ 273 ] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it." [ 274 ]
There was also a dissenting tone in some coverage of Jobs' life and works in the media, where attention focused on his near-fanatical control mindset and business ruthlessness. A Los Angeles Times media critic reported that the eulogies "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press." [ 275 ] Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to Apple's strategy of tight corporate control over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died". [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor stated that under Jobs, Apple had taken stances that in his view were "outright hostile to the practice of journalism" [ 275 ] - these included suing three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products including attempts to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources, suing teenager Nicholas Ciarelli , who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13 [ 275 ] (Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill his 'ThinkSecret' blog as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [ 275 ] ).
Honors and public recognition
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor), [ 280 ] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award ) in 1987. [ 281 ] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine. [ 282 ] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame , located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts . [ 283 ]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement , [ 284 ] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine . [ 285 ] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine. [ 267 ]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes : The World's Most Powerful People. [ 286 ] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [ 287 ] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley , the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'". [ 288 ] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be." [ 287 ]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison. [ 290 ]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award , an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance. [ 291 ]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation". [ 292 ]
Two films, Disney 's John Carter [ 293 ] and Pixar 's Brave , [ 294 ] are dedicated to Jobs.
On October 5, 2012, Apple.com's homepage was changed to a video tribute to Jobs, because it was the first anniversary of his death, and it showed pictures with audio from some of his greatest keynotes. When the video ended, it showed a note from Tim Cook about the matter.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater
Buku-buku
- The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer .
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
- iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
- iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
- Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson .
- Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
- The Zen of Steve Jobs (2012) written by Caleb Melby with artwork by Jess3, a graphic novel about the relationship of Jobs and Kobun Chino Otogawa and how the monk's mentorship influenced Jobs's business philosophy.
Dokumenter
- The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer , prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
- Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS , about the rise of the home computer /personal computer.
- Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS , (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds ) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
- iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman . [ 295 ]
- Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions . [ 296 ] A slightly shortened and localized [ 297 ] version of the show was broadcast [ 298 ] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4 . [ 299 ]
Film
- Steve Jobs – A Sony Pictures film version of the biography by Walter Isaacson , with a screenplay and directed by Aaron Sorkin .
- Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher . [ 300 ]
- Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle . [ 301 ]
Teater
- The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs – The Public Theater , New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey . [ 302 ]
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